I have went to the attributes section and looked at the badges that I have acquired, and it shows that I have one, but I don't have the option to select it and purchase a higher level for it. On the right hand side of the screen, it says I have 1 badge, but below it, it says I have 0 bronze, 0 silver, and 0 gold badges.
It's probably a personality badge. They can't be upgraded. These have no affect on your stats, although different ones will affect what your player does in cut scenes/after shots/after timeouts etc. (hence the personality)